Skip to content

References: Culture, Food, Family, and Stigma

  1. Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness - Corrigan PW, Watson AC. World Psychiatry, 2002 - A short, free, classic paper that explains public stigma and self-stigma through stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. The framework used in Section 19.2.

  2. Impact of perceived stigma on inflammatory bowel disease patient outcomes - Taft TH, Keefer L, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2009 - Free full text of the survey of 211 adults with IBD analyzed in this chapter's claim box. Its limitations section is a good model of honest reporting.

  3. A systematic review of disease-related stigmatization in patients living with inflammatory bowel disease - Taft TH, Keefer L. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 2016 - Reviews research on perceived stigma, self-stigma, and discrimination in IBD, and points out what is still unknown.

  4. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies - Clement S, et al. Psychological Medicine, 2015 - A large review (144 studies, over 90,000 people) showing that stigma discourages seeking mental health care, especially for young people and ethnic minorities.

  5. Unmet Need for Mental Health Services Among High School Students Experiencing Persistent Feelings of Sadness or Hopelessness (2025 Youth Risk Behavior Survey) - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR Supplements, October 2026 - The newest national data on teen sadness and hopelessness and on students who needed counseling but didn't get it, broken down by group.

  6. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century - Ng SC, et al. The Lancet, 2017 - The systematic review of 147 studies showing IBD rising in newly industrialized countries in Asia, Africa, and South America.

  7. Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages - Hracs L, et al. Nature, 2025 - Free full text of the analysis of 522 studies in 82 regions describing IBD's spread in stages, with maps and figures that are easy to explore.

  8. Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire - Probert CS, et al. Gut, 1992 - The classic migration study behind the table in Section 19.5. Notice the dates (1972 to 1989) and that it covers one county.

  9. Mental health of South Asian youth in Peel Region, Toronto, Canada: a qualitative study - Islam F, et al. BMJ Open, 2017 - Free full text of interviews with 10 South Asian youth about pressures, coping, and barriers to care. A small study that shows how qualitative research describes experiences rather than rates.

  10. School Accommodation Plans and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - Crohn's & Colitis Foundation, IBD Help Center fact sheet (2021) - A practical guide for families on 504 plans, common accommodations, and how to request them, plus resources for teens.

  11. Talking With Your Doctor - MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine (updated 2024) - Tips and linked guides for preparing questions, bringing support, using interpreters, and getting the most out of a medical visit.

  12. Health Literacy in Healthy People 2030 - Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services - Defines personal and organizational health literacy and explains why clear communication is a shared responsibility.